Tour in Batistei area – Sunday 31 August
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Showing posts with label Romanian. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Romanian. Show all posts
Some outstanding Romanian achievements in aviation
Mid 16th century - Ioan Românul (Johann der Wallache) experimented at Army's Arsenal in Alba-Iulia explosive powders used for reactive projectiles or rockets.
1702 - The outlaw Grigore Pintea built a glider.
1765 - Constantin Nestor from Deva built a glider; his 80 meters flight was described in the French newspaper "La Republique"
1880 - Gheorghe Vaarlam Ghiţescu built a dirigeable baloon.
1884 - Ion Stoica built an ornithopthere.
1905 - Romanian engineers Popescu and Boicescu and Austrian mechanic Schwartz created in Vienna the system of navigation for zeppelins.
1908 - Teodor Dobrescu projected in Slatina a multiplane aircraft.
1909 - George Arion designed an airplane with the propeller directly coupled to the engine.
1909 - Vasile Dimitrescu designed the first stealth airplane in the world, with electric engine and smoke/fog generators (Patent 1428/15 May 1909).
1910 - George Arion built in Bucharest the first aircraft with variable geometry in the world.
1910 - Niculae Ion Vasiliu built in Bucharest an airplane-helicopter, provided with 6 propellers.
1910 - George Brişcu built several models of helicopters.
1911 - Ion Paulat built the first hydroplane in the world.
1913 - Constantin Marinescu designed the first passenger aircraft with a capacity of 15 seats.
1917 - Hermann Oberth designed in Sighişoara a huge military multistage rocket, with liquid fuel. The Austrian and German military authorities were not interested in the project.
1925 - Aurel Biju and Eugene Sziklay participated in air meetings with their own designed parachutes.
1702 - The outlaw Grigore Pintea built a glider.
1765 - Constantin Nestor from Deva built a glider; his 80 meters flight was described in the French newspaper "La Republique"
1880 - Gheorghe Vaarlam Ghiţescu built a dirigeable baloon.
1884 - Ion Stoica built an ornithopthere.
1905 - Romanian engineers Popescu and Boicescu and Austrian mechanic Schwartz created in Vienna the system of navigation for zeppelins.
1908 - Teodor Dobrescu projected in Slatina a multiplane aircraft.
1909 - George Arion designed an airplane with the propeller directly coupled to the engine.
1909 - Vasile Dimitrescu designed the first stealth airplane in the world, with electric engine and smoke/fog generators (Patent 1428/15 May 1909).
1910 - George Arion built in Bucharest the first aircraft with variable geometry in the world.
1910 - Niculae Ion Vasiliu built in Bucharest an airplane-helicopter, provided with 6 propellers.
1910 - George Brişcu built several models of helicopters.
1911 - Ion Paulat built the first hydroplane in the world.
1913 - Constantin Marinescu designed the first passenger aircraft with a capacity of 15 seats.
1917 - Hermann Oberth designed in Sighişoara a huge military multistage rocket, with liquid fuel. The Austrian and German military authorities were not interested in the project.
1925 - Aurel Biju and Eugene Sziklay participated in air meetings with their own designed parachutes.
Other Romanian notable achievements
1701 - Antim Ivireanul printed "Liturghierul greco-arab", the first book in the world printed with mobile letters, and also the first book printed with arab characters.
1825 - The first non-euclidean geometry was published by Janos Bolyai.
1836 - Ion I. Irimie invented, during his college studies, the first matches with Phosphorus (known later as "Swedish matches"), and in 1840 he founded a factory to produce them.
1886 - George Assaky invented an original neurosurgery technique, the remote suture of nerfs.
1887 - The first reactive trolley.
1895 - Dragomir Hurmuzescu had built the first high-voltage dynamo.
1825 - The first non-euclidean geometry was published by Janos Bolyai.
1836 - Ion I. Irimie invented, during his college studies, the first matches with Phosphorus (known later as "Swedish matches"), and in 1840 he founded a factory to produce them.
1886 - George Assaky invented an original neurosurgery technique, the remote suture of nerfs.
1887 - The first reactive trolley.
1895 - Dragomir Hurmuzescu had built the first high-voltage dynamo.
Idel Ianchelevici
Idel Ianchelevici (May 5, 1909, Leova — June 28, 1994, Maison-Laffitte) was a Romanian and Belgian sculptor and draughtsman.
Born to Jewish parents in Leova, Bessarabia, he left Romania for Belgium in 1928 to devote himself entirely to his passion for sculpture and drawing. After completing his military service back home, he returned to Liège and registered at the Académie des Beaux-Arts de la Ville, where he was awarded First Prize for statuary art in 1933.
La Cracheuse, 1943, Brussels
The same year, he married Elisabeth Frenay and moved to Brussels. He took part in the design of the Romanian pavilion for the Exposition Internationale Universelle in Brussels in 1935 and went on to hold a variety of exhibitions of his own in Brussels, Tel-Aviv, Paris, Amsterdam and several other cities.
Le plongeur, Liège
1945 was the watershed year: Ianchelevici obtained Belgian citizenship, and his famous statue L'Appel ("The Call") was officially unveiled in La Louvière. 10 years later, Ianchelevici was awarded a grant to work in the Belgian Congo, where he designed three statues intended to supplement the famous Stanley-monument in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) and produced a number of outstanding drawings. He subsequently exhibited his work in countries throughout the world. In 1950, he settled in France, at Maison-Laffitte, where he remained until his death on at the age of 86. A cultural center in the town now bears his name.
Homme assis aux jambes croisées, pencil, 1945
The works of Ianchelevici literally step out of the medium. There is no void, no gap: the composition is entirely dictated by the mass and form of its volume (Paternel). From 1945 onwards, Ianchelevici began sculpting marble and stone - two notoriously difficult materials which require simplification of form. Limbs grew longer and more supple and the themes moved on, taking inspiration from the unformed, girlish figures of his young subjects. The artist's career underwent a major change at this point, as he embarked upon a ceaseless quest for simpler forms and more schematic faces (Eve, 1980). Alongside his sculpting, Ianchelevici never stopped drawing. His drawings are works of art in their own right, and not always sketches for his sculptures. In both disciplines, however, he draws on the same themes and strives for the same simplicity of form. (From Wikipedia. Visit also Le Musée Ianchelevici)
Born to Jewish parents in Leova, Bessarabia, he left Romania for Belgium in 1928 to devote himself entirely to his passion for sculpture and drawing. After completing his military service back home, he returned to Liège and registered at the Académie des Beaux-Arts de la Ville, where he was awarded First Prize for statuary art in 1933.
The same year, he married Elisabeth Frenay and moved to Brussels. He took part in the design of the Romanian pavilion for the Exposition Internationale Universelle in Brussels in 1935 and went on to hold a variety of exhibitions of his own in Brussels, Tel-Aviv, Paris, Amsterdam and several other cities.
1945 was the watershed year: Ianchelevici obtained Belgian citizenship, and his famous statue L'Appel ("The Call") was officially unveiled in La Louvière. 10 years later, Ianchelevici was awarded a grant to work in the Belgian Congo, where he designed three statues intended to supplement the famous Stanley-monument in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa) and produced a number of outstanding drawings. He subsequently exhibited his work in countries throughout the world. In 1950, he settled in France, at Maison-Laffitte, where he remained until his death on at the age of 86. A cultural center in the town now bears his name.
The works of Ianchelevici literally step out of the medium. There is no void, no gap: the composition is entirely dictated by the mass and form of its volume (Paternel). From 1945 onwards, Ianchelevici began sculpting marble and stone - two notoriously difficult materials which require simplification of form. Limbs grew longer and more supple and the themes moved on, taking inspiration from the unformed, girlish figures of his young subjects. The artist's career underwent a major change at this point, as he embarked upon a ceaseless quest for simpler forms and more schematic faces (Eve, 1980). Alongside his sculpting, Ianchelevici never stopped drawing. His drawings are works of art in their own right, and not always sketches for his sculptures. In both disciplines, however, he draws on the same themes and strives for the same simplicity of form. (From Wikipedia. Visit also Le Musée Ianchelevici)
Cabbage rolls
Sarmale (cabbage rolls) is a traditional Romanian food, served at nearly every wedding and holiday (and there are MANY)... The recipe is somewhat different in the Romanian regions, but here is a traditional one:
Ingredients
500gr ground beef
500gr ground pork ( do not use the lean kind - it will enhance the flavor if you use the regular one)
1 spoon tomato paste
salt and pepper
2 spoons rice uncooked
1 large or 2 small cabbage heads
1 large onion
250g smoked bacon cut in small pieces
500 gr (1 can) wine sauerkraut
1 spoon whole peppers
salt and pepper
3 tbsp tomato paste
1 laurel leaf
1 small smoked pork hock - just for taste
water
Directions
1. Filling: Mix the ground beef, ground pork, tomato paste, salt and pepper (after taste - if you use the cabbage pickled in brine, remember that it can be quite salty!) and rice. Set it on the side at room temperature while you prepare the leaves of the cabbage.
2. If you use the pickled cabbage, taste it and if it is too salty wash it gently without breaking the leaves. If you use fresh cabbage, you have to add it whole in salted boiling water for 5 -10 minutes (depending how thick the leaves are - as a general rule try to choose the thinnest leaves possible). Once boiled take each leaf carefully and wrap about 1 - 2spoons of meat. The size of the rolls are really personal preference, in Southern Romania they are usually really small and going North towards Moldavia they get really big in size.
3. Separately, in a pan fry the bacon together with the onion until translucent (about 2-3min) and add the sauerkraut, salt (again taste the sauerkraut and see how salty it is), pepper, whole pepper and the tomato paste- cook another 3 minutes. Set it aside.
4. In a deep crock/pan spread evenly at the bottom about 1/3 from the sauerkraut mix. On top of it add one layer of rolls. Add another layer of sauerkraut and another layer of rolls. Finish with a layer of sauerkraut. On top add the small pork hock and the laurel and add water in order to barely cover the rolls.
5. Boil on stove top at med- slow heat approx. 2 hours - 2 1/2 hours. Take out one roll after 2 hours and try to see if it is cooked thoroughly. Once cooked, take out the laurel and the pork hock and discard.
6. Bake at 375F for another 30 minutes until you see a nice crust formed on top of it.
7. You can actually freeze it. In the freezer keeps very well for at least 1 month.
8. Serve it with polenta and top each plate with 2 generous spoons of sour cream. Enjoy!
Amount Per Serving - Calories: 828, Total Fat: 18.9g, Cholesterol: 64mg
Ingredients
500gr ground beef
500gr ground pork ( do not use the lean kind - it will enhance the flavor if you use the regular one)
1 spoon tomato paste
salt and pepper
2 spoons rice uncooked
1 large or 2 small cabbage heads
1 large onion
250g smoked bacon cut in small pieces
500 gr (1 can) wine sauerkraut
1 spoon whole peppers
salt and pepper
3 tbsp tomato paste
1 laurel leaf
1 small smoked pork hock - just for taste
water
Directions
1. Filling: Mix the ground beef, ground pork, tomato paste, salt and pepper (after taste - if you use the cabbage pickled in brine, remember that it can be quite salty!) and rice. Set it on the side at room temperature while you prepare the leaves of the cabbage.
2. If you use the pickled cabbage, taste it and if it is too salty wash it gently without breaking the leaves. If you use fresh cabbage, you have to add it whole in salted boiling water for 5 -10 minutes (depending how thick the leaves are - as a general rule try to choose the thinnest leaves possible). Once boiled take each leaf carefully and wrap about 1 - 2spoons of meat. The size of the rolls are really personal preference, in Southern Romania they are usually really small and going North towards Moldavia they get really big in size.
3. Separately, in a pan fry the bacon together with the onion until translucent (about 2-3min) and add the sauerkraut, salt (again taste the sauerkraut and see how salty it is), pepper, whole pepper and the tomato paste- cook another 3 minutes. Set it aside.
4. In a deep crock/pan spread evenly at the bottom about 1/3 from the sauerkraut mix. On top of it add one layer of rolls. Add another layer of sauerkraut and another layer of rolls. Finish with a layer of sauerkraut. On top add the small pork hock and the laurel and add water in order to barely cover the rolls.
5. Boil on stove top at med- slow heat approx. 2 hours - 2 1/2 hours. Take out one roll after 2 hours and try to see if it is cooked thoroughly. Once cooked, take out the laurel and the pork hock and discard.
6. Bake at 375F for another 30 minutes until you see a nice crust formed on top of it.
7. You can actually freeze it. In the freezer keeps very well for at least 1 month.
8. Serve it with polenta and top each plate with 2 generous spoons of sour cream. Enjoy!
Amount Per Serving - Calories: 828, Total Fat: 18.9g, Cholesterol: 64mg
The Romanian pure-blood horse
The huţul is the only Romanian pure-blood horse. It seems that the ancestor of the huţul is the tarpan, a species of wild horse that lived around the Black Sea.
The huţul is wiry and can work from morning till night. The part between the hoof and the wrist is very short and the horse can easily climb mountains, no matter how bad the way is. In addition, the hoof is small and very hard, so this horse doesn't need horseshoes.
Today in Romania pure-blood huţuls are grown at Lucina Stud in Suceava County, to a huge expanse of pasture woodland located near the border with Ukraine. Worldwide there are about 4,500 huţul horses and 3500 of them are marked with "Lucina" brand. Lucina Stud was established by the Austrians in 1856. So meticulous were the imperial officials in preparing the plans that even today the herd facilities are in place, with an enviable precision. Water comes through free fall and does not freeze no matter how great is the frost, and barns are so well placed to be protected from blizzards that from 150 years are rebuild the same places. In addition to the main driveway are the pines which legend says that were planted by Empress Maria Theresa and a monument dedicated to Colonel Martin von Herman, who founded the international recognition of huţul race.
The huţul is wiry and can work from morning till night. The part between the hoof and the wrist is very short and the horse can easily climb mountains, no matter how bad the way is. In addition, the hoof is small and very hard, so this horse doesn't need horseshoes.
Today in Romania pure-blood huţuls are grown at Lucina Stud in Suceava County, to a huge expanse of pasture woodland located near the border with Ukraine. Worldwide there are about 4,500 huţul horses and 3500 of them are marked with "Lucina" brand. Lucina Stud was established by the Austrians in 1856. So meticulous were the imperial officials in preparing the plans that even today the herd facilities are in place, with an enviable precision. Water comes through free fall and does not freeze no matter how great is the frost, and barns are so well placed to be protected from blizzards that from 150 years are rebuild the same places. In addition to the main driveway are the pines which legend says that were planted by Empress Maria Theresa and a monument dedicated to Colonel Martin von Herman, who founded the international recognition of huţul race.
Romanian Bukovina Shepherd Dog
The Romanian Bukovina Shepherd Dog (Romanian: Ciobănesc de Bucovina, French: Chien de berger roumanin de Bucovine) is a native breed that was developed in the Carpathian region, specifically, in the North-East of Romania, in Bukovina province. It is also known as Bukovina Wolfdog, Bukovinac, dulău (meaning sheepdog) or capău. It was for centuries the best partner and companion for the Romanian shepherds in the Carpathian Mountains. Their original use was to guard and protect the herds against predators (wild animals or thieves). The Bukovina Sheepdog is calm, yet it has bountiful energy and loves to play a lot. It should be exercised often, taken outdoors because it likes to have a lot of space to move around. It was bred to be herd guardians, keeping watch over sheep and cattle against thieves or preying animals. Today, it is being used as a guard go and family companion.
FCI-Standard (Excerpt)
Romanian Shepherd Dog of Bukovina
ORIGIN: Romania
UTILIZATION: shepherd dog for sheep and cattle herds, excellent guard dog.
CLASIFICATION F.C.I.: Grou II: Pinscher-Schnauzer, Molossoize, Swiss Cattle Dog and other breeds. Section 2.2 – Molossoize, mountain type.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY: The Shepherd Dog of Bucovina was selected from a natural breed of the Carpathian Mountains, in Bucovina, exactly in the North-East of Romania. This breed has been the subject of a special attention as far as selection and improvement is concerned, which led to the present type. In this region, dogs of this breed are used successfully as dogs to guard sheep flocks, cattle herds, and for properties. This dog is mostly known as "DULAU" or "CAPAU". The first standard was drafted in 1982 and revised in 2001 by the Romanian Cynological Association. The present standard, dated on 29.03.2002, was drafted and revised according to the F.C.I. model established in Jerusalem.
GENERAL APPEARANCE: large dog, towering, audacious and proud. Sexual dimorphism well emphasized.
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT: Calm, stable, very faithful and devoted to the owner, loves children. Wary of strangers. Excellent herd dog, very brave and efficiently fighter with possible animal prey (bear, wolf, lynx). He owns a very strong barking. When strangers, man or animal, approache its territory, he strongly barks, of a low tonality, which can be heard over very long distance. At nighttime, he patrols around the property or herds.
GAIT/MOVEMENT: equable and swing, powerful and effortless; seen from the front and back, legs move in straight line. Medium amplitude trot is preferred. Crossed or high moves should be penalized.
SKIN: thick, tight, dark-grey colored
HAIR: short on the head and anterior side of the limbs. On the body, the hair is abundant, harsh texture, from 6 to 9 cm long. Undercoat is shorter and denser, lighter colored. On the neck, hair is longer and crest shaped; on the posterior side of the legs, hair forms moderate size fringes. Tail is brushy, with a longer and thicker hair, well furnished.
COLOR:
• Classic colour : Well-defined spots of wolf-grey or black colour appear against a white background colour. On the limbs, spackles in black or other colours should be allowed.
• Uniform colours (without markings) white or black are allowed, but should not be followed.
SIZE AND WEIGHT:
Height: male: 68-78 cm, ideal hight 71-75 cm; female: 64-72 cm, ideal hight 66-68 cm
Weight: in proportion to the size.
FCI-Standard (Excerpt)
Romanian Shepherd Dog of Bukovina
ORIGIN: Romania
UTILIZATION: shepherd dog for sheep and cattle herds, excellent guard dog.
CLASIFICATION F.C.I.: Grou II: Pinscher-Schnauzer, Molossoize, Swiss Cattle Dog and other breeds. Section 2.2 – Molossoize, mountain type.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY: The Shepherd Dog of Bucovina was selected from a natural breed of the Carpathian Mountains, in Bucovina, exactly in the North-East of Romania. This breed has been the subject of a special attention as far as selection and improvement is concerned, which led to the present type. In this region, dogs of this breed are used successfully as dogs to guard sheep flocks, cattle herds, and for properties. This dog is mostly known as "DULAU" or "CAPAU". The first standard was drafted in 1982 and revised in 2001 by the Romanian Cynological Association. The present standard, dated on 29.03.2002, was drafted and revised according to the F.C.I. model established in Jerusalem.
GENERAL APPEARANCE: large dog, towering, audacious and proud. Sexual dimorphism well emphasized.
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT: Calm, stable, very faithful and devoted to the owner, loves children. Wary of strangers. Excellent herd dog, very brave and efficiently fighter with possible animal prey (bear, wolf, lynx). He owns a very strong barking. When strangers, man or animal, approache its territory, he strongly barks, of a low tonality, which can be heard over very long distance. At nighttime, he patrols around the property or herds.
GAIT/MOVEMENT: equable and swing, powerful and effortless; seen from the front and back, legs move in straight line. Medium amplitude trot is preferred. Crossed or high moves should be penalized.
SKIN: thick, tight, dark-grey colored
HAIR: short on the head and anterior side of the limbs. On the body, the hair is abundant, harsh texture, from 6 to 9 cm long. Undercoat is shorter and denser, lighter colored. On the neck, hair is longer and crest shaped; on the posterior side of the legs, hair forms moderate size fringes. Tail is brushy, with a longer and thicker hair, well furnished.
COLOR:
• Classic colour : Well-defined spots of wolf-grey or black colour appear against a white background colour. On the limbs, spackles in black or other colours should be allowed.
• Uniform colours (without markings) white or black are allowed, but should not be followed.
SIZE AND WEIGHT:
Height: male: 68-78 cm, ideal hight 71-75 cm; female: 64-72 cm, ideal hight 66-68 cm
Weight: in proportion to the size.
Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
The shepherding was a main occupation since ancient times and up to the present, and the Romanian shepherds, in different areas, created different types of shepherd dogs, more or less spread in the country. The Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog (Romanian: Ciobănesc Mioritic, French: Chien de berger roumain Mioritic) is an excellent watch dog for herds, farms, homes. He is a brave dog, but his attack is not "mad". He attacks his enemy by harassment, looking for the weak point - the result of centuries of fighting bears. Here we must mention that neither the Mioritic, and nor other dog breed in the world, can "attack the bear with equal chances" when speaking of a grown up, healthy bear of 200-300 kilos, not about a cub or an old and powerless individual. At a sheepfold the dogs are not supposed to kill anything or anybody, they are supposed to be vigilant, perceiving and brave to tackle with the predators, which they have to chase away as far as possible and make them give up ever again attack "their sheep". The name "Mioritic" came from "Mioriţa", a ballad about three shepherds considered to be representative for the Romanian people.
FCI-Standard N° 349 / 13.07.2005 / GB (Excerpt)
Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
ORIGIN : Romania.
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL VALID STANDARD : 06.07.2005.
UTILIZATION : Excellent herding dog, incorruptible guardian and marvellous companion.
CLASSIFICATION F.C.I. : Group 1 Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs (except Swiss Cattle Dogs).
Section 1 Sheepdogs.
Without working trial.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY : The Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog was selected from a natural breed of the Carpathian mountains, the principle reason being utility. This breed has many fanciers in Romania because of its vigorous appearance. The standard was drafted by the Romanian Cynological Association in 1981. The Technical Commission of the R.C.A. adapted and revised the Standard on 29.03.2002 to conform to the F.C.I model established in Jerusalem.
GENERAL APPEARANCE : A large dog but never heavy; vigorous and spectacular. The coat is long and well furnished on the head, all of the body and the limbs. Males are taller and stronger than females.
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT : A calm and stable dog. A good herd dog, very courageous and efficient fighter against possible animals prey (bear, wolf, lynx). Wary of strangers. He likes children.
GAIT / MOVEMENT : Harmonious, free, well coordinated, powerful and effortless. The trot is preferred. The gallop is sustained and balanced.
SKIN : Thick, tight fitting and well pigmented.
HAIR : The coat is abundant and the head and body, harsh texture, straight and minimum length of 10 cm. The undercoat is more dense and supple and of a lighter colour. On the limbs the coat is shorter. The tail is well furnished.
COLOUR :
Piebald : The ground colour must be white with well defined black or grey markings.
Solid colours : Solid white or solid grey.
SIZE AND WEIGHT :
Male : minimum 70 cm - ideal height 75 cm.
Female : minimum 65 cm - ideal height 70 cm.
Weight : In proportion to the size.
FCI-Standard N° 349 / 13.07.2005 / GB (Excerpt)
Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog
ORIGIN : Romania.
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL VALID STANDARD : 06.07.2005.
UTILIZATION : Excellent herding dog, incorruptible guardian and marvellous companion.
CLASSIFICATION F.C.I. : Group 1 Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs (except Swiss Cattle Dogs).
Section 1 Sheepdogs.
Without working trial.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY : The Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog was selected from a natural breed of the Carpathian mountains, the principle reason being utility. This breed has many fanciers in Romania because of its vigorous appearance. The standard was drafted by the Romanian Cynological Association in 1981. The Technical Commission of the R.C.A. adapted and revised the Standard on 29.03.2002 to conform to the F.C.I model established in Jerusalem.
GENERAL APPEARANCE : A large dog but never heavy; vigorous and spectacular. The coat is long and well furnished on the head, all of the body and the limbs. Males are taller and stronger than females.
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT : A calm and stable dog. A good herd dog, very courageous and efficient fighter against possible animals prey (bear, wolf, lynx). Wary of strangers. He likes children.
GAIT / MOVEMENT : Harmonious, free, well coordinated, powerful and effortless. The trot is preferred. The gallop is sustained and balanced.
SKIN : Thick, tight fitting and well pigmented.
HAIR : The coat is abundant and the head and body, harsh texture, straight and minimum length of 10 cm. The undercoat is more dense and supple and of a lighter colour. On the limbs the coat is shorter. The tail is well furnished.
COLOUR :
Piebald : The ground colour must be white with well defined black or grey markings.
Solid colours : Solid white or solid grey.
SIZE AND WEIGHT :
Male : minimum 70 cm - ideal height 75 cm.
Female : minimum 65 cm - ideal height 70 cm.
Weight : In proportion to the size.
Romanian Athenaeum
A magnificent concert hall, the Romanian Athenaeum (Ateneul Roman) is the true symbol of Bucharest. Had such a postcard been printed, it would certainly represent this building. Opened in 1888, the ornate, domed, circular building is the city's main concert hall and home of the "George Enescu" Philharmonic and of the George Enescu 3-annual international music festival.
In 1865, cultural and scientific personalities such as Constantin Esarcu, V. A. Ureche, and Nicolae Creţulescu founded the Romanian Atheneum Cultural Society. Since its inauguration, the Romanian Philharmonic Society intended to create its own building that would serve as a monument to Romanian art, science, and culture. C. Esarhu states: “The building shall be exclusively dedicated to art and science and the architecture shall comply with this purpose”. Based on this concept, a national subscription list was created in order to collect funds (“Give 1 leu for the Athenaeum”), and in 1886 the French architect Albert Galeron proposed a project together with the greatest Romanian architects of his times: G. Cerchez, C. Olanescu, I. Mincu, I. Gr. Cantacuzino. In 1888, the new building was inaugurated even though work continued until 1897 due to the lack of sufficient funds. The Romanian Athenaeum Society used the building for different purposes, such as organizing conferences, symphonic concerts of the Romanian Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as painting exhibitions (beginning with 1894, the official belle-arts salons were held in this hall). Since its inauguration in 1888 and up to present, the Philharmonic Orchestra has had regular concerts in the concert hall of the Athenaeum.
On December 29, 1919, the Atheneum was the site of the conference of leading Romanians who voted to ratify the unification of Bessarabia, Transylvania, and Bukovina with the Romanian Old Kingdom to constitute Greater Romania. Among the biggest names, which have evolved on The Atheneum stage, we have to remember: Sergiu Celibidache, Ionel Perlea, Herbert von Karajan, Dinu Lipatti, Arthur Rubinstein, Pablo Casals, Erich Kleiber, David Oistrah, Igor Strawinsky, Richard Strauss, Paul Robeson. Extensive reconstruction and restoration work has been conducted in 1992 by a Romanian construction company and restoration painter Silviu Petrescu, saving the building from collapse. The 9 million Euro required were contributed in equal shares by the government and the Council of Europe Development Bank.
The overall style is neoclassical, with some more romantic touches. In front of the building there is a small park and a statue of Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu. Built in a neoclassic style, the building of the Athenaeum has a rather eclectic style, with many end-of-century and typical French decorations. Twelve columns with embossed ornaments support the central part of the ground floor. From the rotonda, one can reach the hall by four monumental Carrara marble stairways, one of which, the honorary stairway, is reserved for special occasions. Inside, the ground floor hosts an ornate conference hall as large as the auditorium above; the auditorium seats 600 in the stalls and another 52 in loge seating. A remarkable piece of work is a 75 m-long and 3 m-wide painting, created between 1933 and 1938 by Professor Costin Petrescu, who used the “al fresco” technique. The painting represents “an open book of national history” for its admirers. Painted using the al fresco technique, the piece depicts the most important moments of Romanian history, starting with the conquest of Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan and ending with the realization of Greater Romania in 1918.
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Recognized as a symbol of Romanian culture, the building has been inscribed in 2007 on the list of the Label of European Heritage sights.
In 1865, cultural and scientific personalities such as Constantin Esarcu, V. A. Ureche, and Nicolae Creţulescu founded the Romanian Atheneum Cultural Society. Since its inauguration, the Romanian Philharmonic Society intended to create its own building that would serve as a monument to Romanian art, science, and culture. C. Esarhu states: “The building shall be exclusively dedicated to art and science and the architecture shall comply with this purpose”. Based on this concept, a national subscription list was created in order to collect funds (“Give 1 leu for the Athenaeum”), and in 1886 the French architect Albert Galeron proposed a project together with the greatest Romanian architects of his times: G. Cerchez, C. Olanescu, I. Mincu, I. Gr. Cantacuzino. In 1888, the new building was inaugurated even though work continued until 1897 due to the lack of sufficient funds. The Romanian Athenaeum Society used the building for different purposes, such as organizing conferences, symphonic concerts of the Romanian Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as painting exhibitions (beginning with 1894, the official belle-arts salons were held in this hall). Since its inauguration in 1888 and up to present, the Philharmonic Orchestra has had regular concerts in the concert hall of the Athenaeum.
On December 29, 1919, the Atheneum was the site of the conference of leading Romanians who voted to ratify the unification of Bessarabia, Transylvania, and Bukovina with the Romanian Old Kingdom to constitute Greater Romania. Among the biggest names, which have evolved on The Atheneum stage, we have to remember: Sergiu Celibidache, Ionel Perlea, Herbert von Karajan, Dinu Lipatti, Arthur Rubinstein, Pablo Casals, Erich Kleiber, David Oistrah, Igor Strawinsky, Richard Strauss, Paul Robeson. Extensive reconstruction and restoration work has been conducted in 1992 by a Romanian construction company and restoration painter Silviu Petrescu, saving the building from collapse. The 9 million Euro required were contributed in equal shares by the government and the Council of Europe Development Bank.
The overall style is neoclassical, with some more romantic touches. In front of the building there is a small park and a statue of Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu. Built in a neoclassic style, the building of the Athenaeum has a rather eclectic style, with many end-of-century and typical French decorations. Twelve columns with embossed ornaments support the central part of the ground floor. From the rotonda, one can reach the hall by four monumental Carrara marble stairways, one of which, the honorary stairway, is reserved for special occasions. Inside, the ground floor hosts an ornate conference hall as large as the auditorium above; the auditorium seats 600 in the stalls and another 52 in loge seating. A remarkable piece of work is a 75 m-long and 3 m-wide painting, created between 1933 and 1938 by Professor Costin Petrescu, who used the “al fresco” technique. The painting represents “an open book of national history” for its admirers. Painted using the al fresco technique, the piece depicts the most important moments of Romanian history, starting with the conquest of Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan and ending with the realization of Greater Romania in 1918.
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Recognized as a symbol of Romanian culture, the building has been inscribed in 2007 on the list of the Label of European Heritage sights.
Auroch Head - the first Romanian postage stamps
The principality of Moldavia issued stamps immediately upon gaining autonomy in 1858, with the first cap de bour ("Bull Head" or "Auroch Head") stamps being issued in July 1858. These were produced by hand-stamping on laid paper, and are now quite rare. The initial round design was shortly followed by one using a square frame with rounded corners, and using blue or white wove paper. These are somewhat more common. The first Romanian postage stamps were issued in July 15th 1858 at Iaşi (Jassy), the capital city of the Principality of Moldavia. In fact, the stamps were released into circulation a week later. In July 22th 1858 at Iaşi were posted the first 15 simple letters and 7 registered letters using Moldavian postage stamps. In the rest of Moldavian cities the postage stamps were used starting from August 4th (September 1st at Galaţi). At November 1st the postal tariffs were changed, and the first Moldavian postage stamps were withdrawn from circulation. In their short circulation period only 11.746 postage stamps were sold. Only a few hundreds of them survived until our days, so the "Bull Head" or "Auroch Head" postage stamps from the first issue are today great philatelic rarities.
The first "Bull Head" postage stamps issue comprises four values: 27, 54, 81 and 108 parale (40 parale = 1 accounting leu; at the monetary reform from 1867/68 the sum of 108 paras became equal to 1 new leu). Using a postage stamp of 27 parale one could send a letter of up to 2.5 drams (approximately 8 grams) on a distance shorter than 8 stages of post route (approximately 125 kilometers). The addressee was to pay to the carrier another 5 paras.
The postage stamps were printed at Iaşi, at "Atelia timbrului" (Stamp Workshop), in sheets comprising 4 rows of 8 stamps, with a press brought from Vienna. The two rows from the lower part of the sheet were turned over with 180 degrees, so tête-bêche pairs also exist. The paper was bought from Iaşi and the gum - "gummi arabicum" - was manually applied with a brush. The four steel clichés used for stamping the "Bull Heads" are nowadays displayed at the Philatelic Museum in Bucharest.
On the postage stamps an auroch's head with a star between horns - the coat of arms of the principality of Moldavia - and a bugle are represented. In the coil of the bugle the stamp face value is written with Arabic numerals. The inscription PORTO SCRISORI (scrisori = letters in Romanian, messages sent by mail in envelopes) was written with Cyrillic letters. The term PORTO was written on the stamps by mistake, because porto means that the tariff must be payed by the addressee. The correct word is FRANCO - meaning that the tariff was paid by the sender. The "Atelia timbrului" printing house was established in 1856 by prince Grigore Ghica, ruler of the Moldavian principality between 1854 and 1856. Here were printed paper sheets with the coat of arms of Moldavia, with one "dry stamp" - a seal in relief - and one "weat stamp", a revenue stamp. These sheets were used for diverse documents such as contracts.
The first "Bull Head" postage stamps issue comprises four values: 27, 54, 81 and 108 parale (40 parale = 1 accounting leu; at the monetary reform from 1867/68 the sum of 108 paras became equal to 1 new leu). Using a postage stamp of 27 parale one could send a letter of up to 2.5 drams (approximately 8 grams) on a distance shorter than 8 stages of post route (approximately 125 kilometers). The addressee was to pay to the carrier another 5 paras.
The postage stamps were printed at Iaşi, at "Atelia timbrului" (Stamp Workshop), in sheets comprising 4 rows of 8 stamps, with a press brought from Vienna. The two rows from the lower part of the sheet were turned over with 180 degrees, so tête-bêche pairs also exist. The paper was bought from Iaşi and the gum - "gummi arabicum" - was manually applied with a brush. The four steel clichés used for stamping the "Bull Heads" are nowadays displayed at the Philatelic Museum in Bucharest.
On the postage stamps an auroch's head with a star between horns - the coat of arms of the principality of Moldavia - and a bugle are represented. In the coil of the bugle the stamp face value is written with Arabic numerals. The inscription PORTO SCRISORI (scrisori = letters in Romanian, messages sent by mail in envelopes) was written with Cyrillic letters. The term PORTO was written on the stamps by mistake, because porto means that the tariff must be payed by the addressee. The correct word is FRANCO - meaning that the tariff was paid by the sender. The "Atelia timbrului" printing house was established in 1856 by prince Grigore Ghica, ruler of the Moldavian principality between 1854 and 1856. Here were printed paper sheets with the coat of arms of Moldavia, with one "dry stamp" - a seal in relief - and one "weat stamp", a revenue stamp. These sheets were used for diverse documents such as contracts.
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